When the National Food Security Act 2013 was passed, it expanded the coverage of the public distribution system from about half to two-thirds of the population. As corruption has been a long standing problem in the PDS, the NFSA mandated some PDS reforms based on Tamil Nadu and Chhattisgarh experiences. These were among a handful of states that had successfully reduced leakages. One such reform was end-to-end digitisation. Though computerisation of the PDS database had already begun when the NFSA was passed, only a handful of states had reliable last-mile authentication of sales in place. In most states, sales records were maintained by PDS dealers in registers, which were rarely verified by the public or officials. This enabled corrupt dealers to make fake entries of grain sales, while diverting PDS grain to the open market. Among other possible measures to counter this, it was suggested that instead of registers, sales should be digitally recorded and made publicly available (for example, on the internet) for anyone to verify. Last-mile authentication can be achieved in different ways. A key intervention is any machine (for instance, computers or point of sale machines that makes it possible to maintain electronic records of all transactions). Aadhaar-Based Biometric Authentication, or ABBA, is one such option