Strengths Weaknesses. It seems to be that love and hatred are not easily separable, either by reason or emotion. Partial caring is not only justified but necessary to preserve each part. [22] Unificationism also explains the three goals of life as the "three blessings": perfection of individual, multiplication of children (forming a family), and "dominion over the creation." [24] As ethicists from both sides acknowledge, moral discourse is neither simply rule-following nor adherence to unexamined emotional feelings. Another significant figure, Carol Gilligan, coined the term ''ethics of care'' and described a woman's stages of moral development, which is centered around compassion, whereas the education of males is centered around justice. She saw relationships as ontologically basic to humanity, where identity is defined by the set of relationships individuals have with other humans. In other words, according to the schema of modern ethics, the distinction between partial emotional feelings and impartial reason may correspond to egoistic ends versus a duty to all humanity. In The Ethics of Care, Virginia Held, a major care ethicist, explained the moral relevance of caring relations: The ethics of care recognizes that human beings are dependent for many years of their lives, that the moral claim of those dependent on us for the care they need is pressing, and that there are highly important moral aspects in developing the relations of caring that enable human beings to live and progress. However, one does hold an obligation to be prepared to care at all times for particular othersfor the proximate stranger.. Is it necessary to have a trans-racial, trans-national, trans-communal framework? For example, is it morally justifiable for a parent to prioritize gift giving in favor of his or her child? Hence, some criticisms of an ethics of care are also relevant to Unification ethics. The world is constituted of numerous layers of part-and-whole. Without that relationship the child would not have come into existence. After decades of both criticism and support, it gradually gained support from non-feminist ethicists and is now examined not as a feminist ethics but as a possible general ethical theory. "[32] Considering the complexity of the problem, Postow concludes that we cannot expect to find a solution and suggests that we live with the indeterminate situation: "Presumably, there still will be considerable areas in which no guidance is forthcoming to help us reach an all-things-considered judgment."[33]. For example, Unification ethics views the conjugal relationship as the manifestation of the yang-yin principle. The ethics of care perspective stands in stark contrast to ethical theories that rely on principles to highlight moral actionssuch as Kantian deontology, utilitarianism, and justice theoryand is not meant to be absolute and incontrovertible. By developing an intimate, personal relationship with God, one can experience God's caring heart for all humankind. As Kant noted, an individual gives laws to himself (autonomous) in contrast to heteronomous (law is given from outside) natural objects. "[17], Unlike the virtues of benevolence or mercy, care does not imply any moral meaning by itself. [20] In other words, the Unificationist perspective is to view a human being with these two points of view: the human being is both a being in itself and a being in relationship with others. Care ethics thus pursues a moral ground for partial feelings and actions, in opposition to dominant moral theories' pursuit of impartiality. Strong People Skills. The problem of partiality and impartiality is probably one of the most difficult problems for both care ethics and rationalist ethics. Reliable. The ethics of care theory is deemed as both a feminist and masculinist approach to ethics. Creating policies can have its strengths and weaknesses which can affect society in a variety of ways. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 3. For example, one's filial piety to parents can conflict with one's loyalty to the nation or the organization. The weaknesses that can influence the implementation of the ethics e:learning program can be addressed through careful planning. Although the dominant modern ethical theories are critical of an ethics of care, normative ethicists generally embrace the ethics of care. If partial caring is morally justifiable, how can one avoid racism, nationalism, and other sectarianism? Since Kantian ethics poses the sharpest contrast from care ethics, this essay elaborates the debate between them, as well as touch on the similarities between care ethics and other normative ethics such as Aristotelian ethics and Confucianism. The Weaknesses of Duty and Rights-Based Ethic Both duty and rights-based ethics are forms of universalism because they rely on principles that must be applied at all times to all people. This is a culturally acceptable method of providing comfort to an individual with whom one maintains a relationship. Flawed empirically: Critiques criticize the ethics of care theory for having overly generalized opinions from a few samples. Ultimately, there is a defining imperative to act that is a critical function of what it means to care. Benevolence or jen in Confucianism is intrinsically good; the concept of care is not. Care ethicists argue that caring acts toward special people is morally commendable. "The branch of ethics which deals with the moral values of any business is known as business ethics.". You're willing to work with others, socializing and sharing and creating a climate conducive to team-work. According to Unificationism, God is both a personal parent for each individual and the parent of all humankind. Although an ethics of justice pursues justice and human rights, an ethics of care values "sympathy, empathy, sensitivity, and responsiveness. To do this, print or copy this page on a blank paper and underline or circle the answer. He has a master's degree in Physics and is currently pursuing his doctorate degree. Thus, those theories do not have an adequate understanding or the theoretical basis to regard the moral relevance of femininity. These facets of God's. This care should be performed based on compassion and human relationships. The strengths and weaknesses of smaller hospitals Most staff found it difficult, if not impossible, to divorce their experiences of models of care from the overall hospital context. It isn't a decision between what is right or wrong. Chapter 14: The Nature of Virtue. Strengths and Weaknesses in Writing. Emotional care for males by females is supported by this theory since it does not expressly state who is responsible for caring and who can expect the care. Rule Utilitarianism Weakness. Perfection of individual is thus presupposed in the formation of a family or a marriage. Caring thus involves sentiment but is not necessarily emotional in nature. In the end, this leaves the ethics of care, looking like ethics that only apply to people with specific characteristics. For Kant, partiality is "natural" and the opposite of moral. Because of its rationalist orientation, Kantian ethics holds that actions motivated by the sense of "duty" alone can be moral. Although modern ethics have recognized the value of emotion-based virtues such as benevolence, mercy, and forgiveness, emotion has been understood as peripheral to reason. In Unificationist terminology, one's "heart" primarily defines who that person is. Strengths and Weaknesses of Answer (1 of 5): It depends on whether you see consequentialism (which I'll blur together with utilitarianism*, the most popular form of consequentialism) as your single source of moral truth, as a toolkit for enacting some higher-level moral system, or In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the delivery of eye care services continues to be undermined by health systems . Unificationism argues that an individual has a realm of freedom which no one can intervene; even God cannot intervene. Carol Gilligan believed women's morality arose from real-life dilemmas, not hypothetical ones. See John Sanders, The God Who Risks: A Theology of Divine Providence (Downers Grove, Ill: IVP Academic, 2007). [21] Although Greeks and Romans used the concept of autonomy (self-governance) in the political sense, Kant made it one of central concepts in ethics. Some people object that the universalism of duty and rights-based ethics make these theories too inflexible. Bioethics is the branch of ethics that studies the implications of medical practices and policies. Ethics of care. Care ethics is still a growing theory, and it is discussed today not as a feminist ethics but as a general ethical theory. [1] Feminist ethicists argue that the moral, rational, autonomous, independent agent presupposed in dominant ethical theories is an adult male. Within the ethics of care, the one-caring receives the cared-for without evaluation. Public speaking. Christianlly has taught college Physics, Natural science, Earth science, and facilitated laboratory courses. Cases are judged individually and on their own merit. Moral reasoning involves weighing and balancing the impartial demands of reason and the partial demands of emotional feelings. The attempt to define and separate "moral emotions" as a distinct set of feelings seems to be inadequate. He also provides an extended discussion of care and gender. The literature shows that reception systems are characterized by a high level of fragmentation due to poor collaboration among services that are required to respond to complex and multidimensional needs brought by forced migrants. Ethics of care seeks to determine whether actions are right or wrong. Thus, an ethics of care is recognized for its practical value. For example, Nel Noddings, a noted care ethicist, argues in a section "Home as a Basic Need" in Happiness and Education, that the home is an extension of the self, and therefore the home is fundamental to life and determines one's happiness: "Built places may be regarded as extensions of our bodies, and the things with which we surround ourselves are part of our selves." "Care Ethics" Maureen Sander-Staudt, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ISSN 2161-0002. This was particularly the case in smaller organisations, where generalism was seen to be the natural default model of care. Nevertheless, Unificationism still presupposes the moral autonomy of an individual. This criticism can probably apply to Confucian ethics as well. Natural caring is that which happens more or less involuntarily as a conditioned response to the misfortune or needs of others. Reason is applied through phronesis or practical wisdom, but unlike Kant, the emotions are not ignored, as virtue ethics is holistic (includes emotion in the building of character). Leadership skills. Care ethics emerged in the latter half of the twentieth century out of the feminist movement. She came up with three stages of moral development that emphasize an ethics of care. Unlike some philosophies that deny the existence of right and wrong, ethics of care acknowledges their existence and seeks to determine the morality of these decisions. Unification ethics, as a family based virtue ethics, shares some common perspectives with care ethics. First, both Aristotelian ethics and Confucianism share a male-dominated, patriarchal perspective. Although an ethics of care presents itself as an ethics of peace and reconciliation, as an alternative to an ethics of justice, how can it avoid vengeful feelings? Since then it gradually gained support from non-feminist ethicists. 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