(The western section of Virginia rejected the session vote and broke away, ultimately forming a new, Union-loyal state, West Virginia. The loss of life was an estimated amount of 620,000 men. Even though things were already near a boiling point after Lincoln was elected, South Carolina issued its "Declaration of the Causes of Secession" on December 24, 1860. The South feared that abolishing slavery would destroy their economy if any Abolitionists were to reach power. "What Were the Top 4 Causes of the Civil War?" This resulted in the idea of nullification, whereby the states would have the right to rule federal acts unconstitutional. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. Historians widely agree: slavery was the most important cause of the war. Alexander Hamilton Stephens Statue, Architect of the Capitol. solidified the sharp division between those who were pro-slavery and those who were anti-slavery; the case had involved a former enslaved person, Dred Scott, suing his previous master for the right to his freedom. On April 10, 1861, knowing that resupplies were on their way from the North to the federal garrison at Fort Sumter in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, provisional Confederate forces in Charleston demanded the forts surrender. There is an abundance of textual evidence to support this, perhaps most famously an address given by Alexander Stephens known as the Cornerstone Speech. Stephens, the Vice President of the newly formed Confederate States of America (also known as the Confederacy) delivered the address to a crowd in Savannah, Georgia, at a critical moment: March 1861, just weeks after the inauguration of, Stephens was far from the only person to voice this reasoning. [4], If we consider these two images of the inaugurationone a photograph and the other a color lithographwe see people of all ages including some Black figures gathered around the Capitol building in Montgomery, Alabama. Due to its efficiency, many plantation owners moved from growing multiple crops to only focusing on harvesting cotton. A forced displacement of around 60,000 Native American peoples. Prior to the American Revolution, the institution of slavery in America had become firmly established as being limited to persons of African ancestry. [4] In his first inaugural address, Lincoln said I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. They had more in common with the Whigs than the Jacksonian Democrats. In contrast, the Souths enormous one-crop economy kept them heavily relying on slave labor. What do works of art reveal about the deep divisions that led to the Civil War? The North no longer needed slavery in order to keep their economy afloat. The photographs of the aftermath of the battle at Fort Sumter stressed the destruction of the site and helped to strengthen the resolve of the Confederacy. Megan Kate Nelson, Ruin Nation: Destruction and the American Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012). The Civil War in the United States began in 1861, after decades of simmering tensions between northern and southern states over slavery, states' rights and westward expansion. Many European workers had already removed slavery within their home countries, and the idea of Abolitionism in the United States began to grow. Besides denying citizenship for African-Americans, it also overturned the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had restricted slavery in certain U.S. territories. Which event almost caused civil war in Kansas? All soldiers in World War I had one thing in common: possible execution by their own country for alleged cowardice. What were the pressing issues that led to the Civil War? Like Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine (writers of the Declaration of Independence), the Causes of Secession stated why it was acceptable for the South to remove itself from the North as the United States did from the control of England. The consensus is that economic and political factors related to slavery played a more decisive role than the moral issues this system of human exploitation raised. Winston Groom 7/7/2010 True Causes of the Civil War., viewed 1 . Mexico did not recognize Texas as legitimate American territory and Texas admission to the United States antagonized Mexican officials and citizens. Critics at the time saw the double fireball of the meteor as akin to shots being fired from artillery, and saw it and other atmospheric phenomena that appeared in the sky that year, through the lens of a war that was seeming more and more unavoidable. The new medium of photography, capable of capturing the visible world as never before, proved a valuable tool in this. She was able to purchase her own freedom and that of her son in 1852 using $1,200 she earned from her sewing and that she was able to borrow from her wealthy clientele. With an economy based more on industry than agriculture, the North enjoyed a steady flow of European immigrants. Which state was most closely affiliated with the Whig Party? Stowe took inspiration for her book from real stories that a former enslaved person had told her. The Chinese Civil War fought between the Communists and the Nationalists was to restore control over China. Also, the population at large began to perceive it as morally wrong. The rights of each state to determine their stance regarding slavery was the factor that lead the South to secede and the North to fight for the union of the states. Slavery remains legal in all territories, according to the document. Create and find flashcards in record time. o The North got the . We must also consider what the visual record does. It was enough for Lincoln to win the popular vote, as well as 180 electoral votes. slavery - main cause sectionalism - favoring one region over the whole Causes of the Civil War - . With multiple leaders wanting their states to be able to decide whether or not to accept federal law, the idea of nullification arose. What visual and material evidence did they leave behind that helps us to learn about their lives? By the early 1830s, those who wished to see that institution abolished within the United States were becoming more strident and influential. Both sides used the fledgling science of photography to advance arguments for and against Black humanity and citizenship. William J. Cooper, We Have the War upon Us: The Onset of the Civil War, November 1860-April 1861 (New York: Knopf, 2012), 14. Still others, including Abraham Lincoln, simply hoped to keep slavery from expanding. At the crux of it all, however, was the fight over slavery. Southern reaction initially was that his acts were those of a mad fanatic, of little consequence. Between opposite economic interests, cultural values, and the widely debated power of states' rights, it seemed as though there was nothing left to do but fight. two different worlds. In the South, Republicans were seen as little more than divisive. Regardless, he managed to take the win over Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breckinridge, and John Bell. A star embedded in the paving at the top of the steps of the Alabama State Capitol marks the location where Jefferson Davis stood during his inauguration as the President of the Confederacy, and a statue of him still stands nearby. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. While some of these differences might have been resolved peacefully through diplomacy, the institution of slavery was not among them. In both the North and South, these differences influenced views on the powers of the federal government to control the economies and cultures of the states. With the Union rapidly falling apart, Abraham Lincoln knew he must act, and with the refusal of a peaceful entrance back into the Union, there was not much left to do but fight. A major cause of World War I was. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2012), p. 35. The Civil War was about slavery-actual historians will 02:18 back me up on this, like David Goldfield, who wrote, "Both Northerners and Southerners 02:22 recognized slavery as the immediate . 1857 The Dred Scott Decision of 1857 solidified the sharp division between those who were pro-slavery and those who were anti-slavery; the case had involved a former enslaved person, Dred Scott, suing his previous master for the right to his freedom. Any territory _____ of the 3630 line was not allowed to be a slave state. Why did Andrew Jackson oppose the National Banks of the US? two different worlds. John C. Calhoun was a leading advocate for Southern states and firmly believed in the idea of nullifying a federal act that was found unconstitutional. As America began to expandfirst with the lands gained from the Louisiana Purchase and later with the Mexican Warthe question arose of whether new states would be pro-slavery states or free states. It was rumored that Abraham Lincoln won the 3rd ballot due to _______. Contents 1 Long- term causes of the Chinese Civil War 1.1 Socio-economic factors For over 50 years, the two territories disputed on the issue of slavery and whether it was legal or not. . ", In April 1861, the Confederate Army would fire on, When Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793, it became faster than ever to separate the cotton from seeds. Strong proponents of states rights like Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry were not present at this meeting. Frederic Edwin Church at The Metropolitan Museum of Arts Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. How many died in the Civil War? the existence of opposing alliances. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Civil War. Nullification meant that each state would have the right to cancel out, or not accept, a Federal Act if the people deemed it unconstitutional; to nullify an act would make it unenforceable and invalid in said state. 1619-1865 | The Peculiar Institution Slavery arrived in North America along side the Spanish and English colonists of the 17th and 18th centuries, with an estimated 645,000 Africans imported during the more than 250 years the institution was legal. Increasingly, Northerners became more polarized against enslavement. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), pp. Many in the North came to view enslavement as not just socially unjust, but morally wrong. If we consider these two images of the inaugurationone a photograph and the other a color lithographwe see people of all ages including some Black figures gathered around the Capitol building in Montgomery, Alabama. At the same time, the increase in the number of plantations willing to move from other crops to cotton created an even greater need for enslaved people. Stephens was far from the only person to voice this reasoning. This economic disparity also led to irreconcilable differences in societal and political views. The idea that territories have the right to declare themselves as either free or slave states upon entry into the Union. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. They claimed obedience to higher law over obedience to the Constitutions guarantee that a fugitive from one state would be considered a fugitive in all states. Additionally, some abolitionists took a less peaceful route to fighting against slavery. The 13 states formed a loose Confederation with a very weak federal government. Have all your study materials in one place. Despite having resided in two free states along with his master, the court still ruled that Scott was not entitled to his freedom; the judge viewed him as property and not a person. Nigeria was led by General Yakubu Gowon, while Biafra was led by Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu. Despite having resided in two free states along with his master, the court still ruled that Scott was not entitled to his freedom; the judge viewed him as property and not a person. What Civil War General helped Lincolns re-election? What did the Whig Party do for the state of North Carolina? Many felt that the new Constitution ignored the rights of states to continue to act independently. The immediate causes of the civil war was the slaves escaping to the north to be free because the north banned slavery because they we're no plantations because the north was the city not the country. 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